Journal: Biomedicines

Article Title: Circulating Biomarkers for Prediction of Immunotherapy Response in NSCLC

doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11020508

Figure Lengend Snippet: Advantages and limitations of circulating biomarkers.

Article Snippet: CTC , CTC number PD-L1 expression , CTC isolation by antibody-based (e.g., EpCAM, Cell-Search) or label-free (based on size, electric charge or deformability) microfluidics methods (e.g., ClearCell FX1, DepArray). CTC PD-L1 expression is determined by immunocytochemistry. , Provides tumor-specific information (DNA, RNA, protein) for molecular and functional analysis. Allows dynamic and real-time monitoring of CTC number and PD-L1 expression for prediction of treatment efficacy and extent of disease. CTC PD-L1 is an alternative for tumor PD-L1 especially when tissue biopsy is too small or not available. , Short half-life (1–2.4 h) and low stability in circulation. Methods for isolation and enumeration of CTC vary across laboratories and are not harmonized. Technically challenging procedures to capture intact cells for downstream analysis. Low abundance of CTC in NSCLC CTC may be derived from metastases in addition to primary tumor, thus the information derived from CTC may not be representative of primary tumor. CTC PD-L1 has no defined cutoff to predict treatment response..

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Isolation, DNA Methylation Assay, Magnetic Beads, Mutagenesis, Bisulfite Sequencing, Methylation, Derivative Assay, Variant Assay, Expressing, Immunocytochemistry, Functional Assay, Gradient Centrifugation, Flow Cytometry, Cell Isolation, Infection, Amplification, Sequencing, Clone Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Western Blot, Clinical Proteomics, Protein Concentration, Quantitative Proteomics